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As both hands were needed to control the sarissa, a neck strap may have been used to help support the shield and protect the left shoulder. However, this dictated that the sarissa had to be held underhand so the shield would not obscure the phalangite’s vision as it would if held overhead. The adoption of the Clacton and Schöningen spears not only would have provided a degree of personal protection for the wielder but also the opportunity to hunt larger animals for food.
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If necessary, the principes could yield to the battle hardened triarii, the veteran soldiers with the most experience. Ultimately, the spear proper was rendered obsolete on the battlefield although a shortened version known as the half-pike or spontoon (pictured earlier) was still carried by officers of various ranks into spinlander the 19th-century. Originally a weapon, it became a badge of office more likely used to direct troops rather than fight. During the Napoleonic Wars 5 sergeants in the British Army carried the spontoon to defend the battalion or regimental colours from a cavalry attack. Later the rank of Colour Sergeant 6 would be created to reflect this prestigious role.
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Within the Royal Navy the half-pike, sometimes known as a boarding pike, was retained on warships to repel boarding parties until the late 19th-century. Pikes would be a dominant infantry weapon in the 16th- and 17th-centuries but the percentage of men armed with firearms in Tercio-like formations steadily increased as firearms technology improved. On the battlefield, however, the musketeers lacked protection against enemy cavalry so smaller pike formations were used, invariably, to defend them. During the English Civil War (1642–1651) the New Model Army (1646–1660) initially had two musketeers for every pikeman. A Roman legion of this period was organised into four lines divided by experience with the younger soldiers at the front and the older soldiers further back. From front to rear these were the velites, the hastatii, the principes, and the triarii.
Even after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire nearly all Western European cultures continued to arm their warriors with spear and shield. Although often portrayed with an axe or a sword in hand, most Viking warriors were armed with spears, as were their Anglo-Saxon, Irish or continental contemporaries. The great length of the sarissa was balanced by a counterweight at the rear end, which also functioned as a butt-spike, allowing it to be planted in the ground. However, the sheer length and weight of the weapon meant phalangites, already less heavily armoured than their hoplite forebears, had to wield it with both hands.
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The second and third echelons (hastatii and principes respectively) generally formed up with a one maniple space between each maniple and its neighbours. The withdrawal of the velites allowed the first lines of heavy infantry formed by the hastatii, the younger and least experienced soldiers, to engage the enemy. Where resistance proved too strong the hastatii would also withdraw through the lines of principes thereby presenting the enemy with fresh, more experienced Roman legionaries.